Monday, January 27, 2020
How Global Capitalism Creates Economic Zones
How Global Capitalism Creates Economic Zones Requirement question: According to dependence theory, how does the global capitalist system create distinctive economic zones in the world? What is the effect on the states? DEPENDENCE THEORY: HOW GLOBAL CAPITALIST SYSTEM CREATE DISTINCTIVE ECONOMIC ZONES AND. A theory according to the Oxford dictionaries it is defined as a system of ideas intended to explain something supposition. (Oxyford Dictionaries) It is a set of interrelated concepts trying to explain a phenomenon. Dependence theory is a body of knowledge/perception composed of different works from different contributors. They have varying definitions of dependence theory. However, there are three common features to these definitions which most dependency-theorist share. The first character is that they view the world in two sets of states, the dominant verses dependent or center verses periphery or metropolitan verses satellite. The center/metropolitan/dominant are the developed, industrialized nations/states/countries in the (OECD) Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development while the periphery/satellite/dependent are the third world countries with low per capital also refered to as the undeveloped or developing nations/states. (Ferraro, 2008) Second, they portray a view that there are external forces such International commodity markets, foreign assistance, and other means that are utilized by the industrialized countries to represent and push for their economic interest abroad. These are usually unfair to the third world countries in one way or the other. (Ferraro, 2008) Thirdly, these theorists indicate that the relations between the dominant states and the dependent nations not only do they intensify unequal patterns between the states but also they reinforce unequal patterns and these relationships are dynamic. Moreover, dependency is a very deep-seated historical process rooted in the internationalization of capitalism. (Ferraro, 2008) The dependency theorists attempts to explain the state of being undeveloped of the third world countries by examining the patterns of interactions arguing that inequality among the nations comes from within or. (Ferraro, 2008) The theorist to this theory holds that international capitalism is the driving force behind dependency relationships the spread of the contemporary world system. (Robbins, 2010) They explain poverty and slow or no know development among other problems faced by third world countries as having their roots or arising from the global capitalist systems. (Angotti 1981, pp. 124-125; Jackson Soensen 2010, p.207). (Ball, 2012) The dependent/periphery states supply raw materials such as minerals, agricultural commodities and labor at a cheap price to the industrialized countries due to the established relationship. The dependent countries also provide market for the manufactured goods, which are sold at high prices, market for the obsolescent technologies and surplus capital for the developed countries. The economy of the dependent states due to this is oriented towards the outside looking up for goods, services, and money to flow from the developed states to them. Unfortunately, for them the allocation of these resources is determined by the industrialized/dominant states and their economic interest (Ferraro, 2008) The spread of the capitalist world system has been accompanied by the creation of distinctive patterns of social relations, ways of viewing the world, patterns of health and disease, relationships to the environment and so on. (Robbins, 2010) How global capitalist system create distinctive economic zones People from the third world countries/dependent/periphery/satellite states are not responsible for the developmental failures of their societies, a view of the neo-Marxist dependency theory. Andre Gunder Frank one of the leading theorists of dependency theory lack of development in these dependent states is because the Developed nations have deliberately undeveloped them. Some of the ways Western nations under develop the third world countries include: Global capitalism- according to Frank argues there exists a global system of capitalism. In this system the developed nations exploits the dependent nations/the periphery. The dependent states are The periphery is kept in a state of dependency and under development kept in an undeveloped state to continue providing cheap raw materials and labour to the developing countries. Historically this relationship of exploitation and dependency occurred through slave trade and colonization and today though aids given by the developed states to the dependency state, multinational companies practices and through international trading systems which the West dominates (revisionworld) Historical exploitation-slavery and colonialism- Frank points out that the trade in slavery earned big profits to both the slave traders and the plantation owners who utilized this source of cheap labour in the18th century. These countries super accumulated capital from this and the capital was invested in industrial revolution and consequently helped kick-start industrial development. According to Paul Harrison, by use of military technology Europe conquered and colonized many states around the world in the 18th century. The colonies were exploited for law materials for their industries, cheap food and cheap labor. Some of the land used traditionally for growing food was turned to production of cash crops for export while in other places new farms were created. (revisionworld) Contemporary exploitation- this is exploitation through international trade. The way world trade is organized today is a legacy of colonialism. Though most of the countries achieved their political independent their economies still is based on exporting cash crop and raw material to the Developed countries and are over-dependent on either one or two products therefore any over production or fall in Western demand of the products can be detrimental to the country’s economy. The Western nations further limit the export earnings of dependency states by setting the prices for many of their products and setting tariffs and quotas, also through taxation of especially manufactured products which limits products entering the First World (revisionworld) Neo colonialism- new forms of colonization is emerging where at the forefront of this Neo-colonialism are the multinational companies (MNCs). These MNCs exploits the dependency states for cheap raw materials, cheap labour and new markets in search for profits. Official aid- official aids have become another source neo-colonialism. These official aids in form of loans, weapons, medicines and human expertise flows from the developed states to the dependent countries. They create a good pathway of exploitation through imposition of requirements to qualify for the business. Most loans to the Third World involve interest. However, economies grow too slowly and long-term development projects such as irrigation schemes, dams, etc. can be slow to generate the predicted income or may fail. In the meantime, the interest builds up and can eventually outstrip the initial loan. (revisionworld) The effects of global capitalism on the states Global capitalism has created a huge economic zone between the third world countries and the developed countries. Some of the major/common effects of global capitalism on the third world states include. Increase in poverty level, hunger and starvation- capitalism has lead to increase in poverty level in third world countries while the first world countries grow richer and richer. Increased conflicts- capitalism has lead to increase in conflicts between ethnic groups, tribes, countries/states/nations over resources. Deprivation- there is also a lot of deprivation where those in the periphery are deprived essential needs. Social injustice and decline in justice- Robert Reich in his work How Capitalism is Killing Democracy observes that democracy is being snuffed out by the pursuit of profit. (Reich, 2007) Inequality-inequality is increasing almost everywhere in the postindustrial capitalist world due to capitalism. Oppression- the trade tariffs and quotas put in place by the third world countries are oppressive and exploitive to the world in today’s world system driven by capitalism. Exploitation- the third world countries are exploited by the developed countries for cheap labour and resources in return for the obsolete technology of the West. (Economics online) Under-development- capitalism and imperialism are perceived as the major cause of the current underdevelopment in Africa among other third world countries. REFERENCES Ball, J. (2012, 11 12). Dependency and World Systems theories explanation of Chinas rapid economic growth. Just Another Journalism Students blog. Retrieved December 21, 2014, from jessicakball.wordpress.com/2012/11/10/the-correlation-between-dependency-and -underdevelopment-and-dependecy-and world-system-theories-explanation-of-chinas-rapid-economic-growth/ Economics online. (n.d.). Dependecy theory. Retrieved December 22, 2014, from Economics Online: www.economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Dependecy_theory.html Ferraro, V. (2008). Dependency Theory: An Introduction. (G. Secondi, Ed.) The Development Economics Reader, 58-64. Retrieved December 21, 2014, from https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/depend.htm Martin, P. (2014, July 25). Capitalism and Global Poverty. Retrieved December 22, 2014, from Global Poverty: www.globalresearch.ca/capitalism-and-global-poverty-two bilion-poor-one-billion-hungry/5393262 Muller, J. Z. (2013, March/April). Capitalism and Inequality. Retrieved December 22, 2014, from Foreign Affairs: m.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138844/jerry-z-muller/capitalism-and-inequality Oxyford Dictionaries. (n.d.). theory. Retrieved December 21, 2014, from Oxford Dictionaries : www.oxforddictionaries.com/defination/english/theory Reich, R. B. (2007, September 05). Robert Reich: How Capitalism is Killing Democracy. Retrieved December 22, 2014, from Economists View: economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2007/09/robert-reich-ho.html revisionworld. (n.d.). Dependecy theory. Retrieved December 22, 2014, from revisionworld: revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/world sociology/sociological expanation-development-under- developments/dependancy theory Robbins, R. H. (2010). Global Problems and the Culture of capitalism (5th ed.). New York: Allyn Bacon Publishing, inc. Retrieved December 21, 2014, from faculty.plattaburgh.edu/richard.robbins/legacy/book_plan.html The Socialist Party of Great Britain. (n.d.). Africa and the reality of capitalism. Retrieved December 22, 2014, from The Socialist Party of Great Britain: www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/education/depth-article/global-economy/africa-and-reality-capitalism
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Deception as a Symptom of a Corrupt Society in Marlowe and Wilde Essay
The desperate need to be moral within society contributes to the motivations, choices, and actions made by people everyday. It is society which defines what morality is and applies the necessary pressure to force individuals to conform. Often, failing under these societal pressures, individuals are forced to use deception to escape the oppressive nature of their society. Oscar Wilde, in The Importance of Being Earnest and Christopher Marlowe, in Dr. Faustus, venture into nature of society and how it effects the individuals within that society. Marlowe and Wilde assert that deception is a symptom of a corrupt society not a character flaw.            The plot of The Importance of Being Earnest centers around deception. Algernon is a wealth bachelor that lives in London. He often pretends to have a friend Bunbury who is sick and lives in the country. Whenever Algernon wishes to escape certain social â€Å"duties†he is explains that he simply can no because he has to visit his sick friend. He can then escape and enjoy the pleasures that Victorian society called improper. However, his friend, Bunbury, does not exist. Through this form of deception Algernon not only gets pity from his friends he also has the perfect excuse to do whatever he wants. Algernon’s believes his best friend is named Ernest. Ernest is actually John Worthing. Look more: satire in the importance of being earnest essay John Worthing is also using deception to escape his restrictive and boring existence. He tells his friends that he has a wayward brother who lives in London and is often in trouble. Therefore he must go to London to bail his brother out. When John is in London he goes by the name of Ernest. He pretends to be a good man in country only to be a â€Å"bad†man in the city. John wants to marry Gwendolen, but she wants to marry a man named Ernest. When she meets John using the name Ernest she falls deeply in love with him. Gwen’s aunt insists on knowing his family background and he is forced to reveal that is real parents left him at a train station and he was adopted by a rich upstanding Victorian family. Algernon has the idea that he will go into the country to visit John and pretend to be Ernest. He is unaware that John has given up his city life and has planned the tragic (but unreal) death of his brother. Deception plays a vital role in this play. If John and Algernon did not lie there would be no play. If each character followed the Victorians standards of society, there would be no plot. While this play is a comedy, Wilde’s point is clear: only through deception can people exist in Victorian society. If they did not use deception everyone would surely die from boredom and the suffocating grasp of society.            Similarly, Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus  is based on deception. Dr. Faustus begins with Dr. Faustus looking for his true self. He wants to figure out who he is. He possesses all the supposed quality of a man of the renaissance. He is intelligent, well educated, and has come to a point in his life where he must realize who he truly is. This type of man is ambitious and driven. However, as he becomes more and more powerful, he losses his humanity through the use of his power for deception.            The societies in Importance of Being Earnest and Dr. Faustus are both portrayed as corrupt. In â€Å"Dr. Faustus†the Renaissance court is the representative evil society. It is a toxic environment that breeds blind ambition, betrayal, and evil. Seeking the highest form of knowledge, he arrives at theology and opens the Bible to the New Testament, where he quotes from Romans and the first book of John. He reads that â€Å"[t]he reward of sin is death,†and that â€Å"[i]f we say we that we have no sin, / We deceive ourselves, and there’s no truth in us.†The logic of these quotationsâ€â€everyone sins, and sin leads to deathâ€â€makes it seem as though Christianity can promise only death, which leads Faustus to give in to the fatalistic â€Å"What will be, shall be! Divinity, adieu!†However, Faustus neglects to read the very next line in John, which states, â€Å"If we confess our sins, [God] is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness†(1 John 1:9). By ignoring this passage, Faustus ignores the possibility of redemption, just as he ignores it throughout the play.  Similarly, Wilde finds Victorian society equally as corrupt. In The Importance of Being Earnest he uses the character of Lady Bracknell to symbolize Victorian society. She represents â€Å"earnestness†which is demanded within her society as well as the discontent that it breeds. She is dominating, conceited, bitter, frigid, and extremely proper. It is through Lady Bracknell that the Victorian standards in regards to marriage, religion, money, respectability, and society are revealed. Lady Bracknell comments â€Å"I do not approve of anything that tampers with natural ignorance †¦ touch it and the bloom is gone†¦whole theory of modern education is radically unsound†¦education produces no effect †¦ it would prove a serious danger to the upper classes†(Wilde Act II)  The Renaissance is used by Marlowe as an ever present influence which causes the each of the characters within in Dr. Faustus to use deception to survive. The cruel and unforgiving nature of Victorian society is equally as influential causing the characters of Importance of Being Earnest to use deception to acquire socially desirable things.            Dr. Faustus and Jack are both individuals which are forced by society to deceive their family and friends. Dr. Faustus, is a bright young man with many talents.  Dr. Faustus is an educated man. He is not only educated he has a great wisdom. This wisdom was not earned. Dr. Faustus makes a deal with the devil to get more knowledge. He thought that the god of the underworld could make all the knowledge past, present, and future to him. This is when the first deception happens. Dr. Faustus makes himself believe that there is no underworld and no circles of hell.  This is the second deception. He forces himself to believe in the Elysian Fields which is a place where good people go and once there, if they were good enough, they were given the gift to live forever. He believed he was a good person and would spend the rest of life, after death, with the greatest and more moral people that ever lived. Faustus even asks Mephistopheles â€Å"What is Hell?†The answer should have caused Faustus to shiver and turn to the God he had renounced: Why this is hell, nor am I out of it. Thinks’t thou that I, who saw the face of God,and tasted the eternal joys of heaven, am not tormented with ten thousand hells in being deprived of everlasting bliss! O Faustus, leave these frivolous demands, which strike terror to my fainting soul. Wilde’s Jack Worthing is is equally effected by his society. Jack lives two lives and both are false. In the country he remains a respectable and upstanding upper class man who is miserable.   However, he leads a secret life in the city which brings him both pleasure and inner disgrace. Jack comments â€Å"When one is in town one amuses oneself. When one is in the country one amuses other people†(Wilde Act I). He lies to his friends and recounts stories of his invented brother Ernest who is always getting into trouble. Jack uses Ernest as his excuse to go into the city and find a few moments of happiness. It is only through deception that Jack can find happiness within the restrictive Victorian society.  Jack’s real family is not of the upper class. His current position in society is only through his adoptive family and his adoptive father’s money. Jack knows, understand, and pretends to conform to crushing societal norms. Even his name, Worthing, is reminds the audience to question – is he really worthy? Jack wishes to marry Gwendolen not because of any great and deep love. He knows that through marriage to a woman of an affluent family that he can gain respectability and fully belong in the society he longs to be in. Due to this societal pressures he is willing to do whatever it takes to make the marriage happen. When confronted with his deception he admits â€Å"it is very painful for me to be forced to speak the truth. It is the first time in my life that I have ever been reduced to such a painful position, and I am really quite inexperienced in doing anything of the kind†(Importance Act II). Dr. Faustus and Jack are both victims of corrupt societies which contribute to their deceptive behavior.                        Wilde and Marlowe both examine the effect of a crippling society on the character and morality of it’s citizens. Wilde asserts that the restrictive nature of Victorian society caused Jack and Algernon to employ deceptive choices in their lives escape the discontent of a proper society. If Jack lived in a more liberal and understanding society he would be able to honestly pursue the activities which make him happy. Marlowe pre-dates Wilde’s point of view. He intricately details in Dr. Faustus, how the devil and all men can be tempted and utilize deception to survive.  If Dr. Faustus did not exist in a corrupt society he would have not been corrupted himself. Each play offers a mirror through which the brutal tendencies of society and weakness of human nature are reflected for the reader. The condition of society is easily reflected in the character and actions of members of that society. Societies use fear of cruel punishment (especially social outcasting) to encourage and direct the behavior of people within that society. As members of this society we become immune and blind to the influence of these forces and conform without question. Works Cited Marlowe, Christopher. â€Å"The Tragedy Dr. Faustus.†THE NORTON         INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE. Ed. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, Kelly J. Mays, and . New York: Norton, 2000. Wilde, Oscar. â€Å"The Importance of Earnest.† THE NORTON INTRODUCTION          TO LITERATURE. Ed. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, Kelly J. Mays, and .    New York: Norton, 2000.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
How effectively has Steinbeck created tension during the incident with Candy’s dog? Essay
The killing of Candy’s dog in Steinbeck’s novel â€Å"Of mice and men†is a very important incident. The author makes this scene very tense using different techniques. Everything starts because Slim considers the dog is useless and has a bad smell. â€Å"He ain’t no good†(p70). And as he just got five puppies he believes Candy could make good use of one of those. Candy, very nervous and doubtful, finally accepts that killing his dog, which has been with him for a very long time, will be the best to do. Even though he knows that he will miss him. Carlson, described as â€Å"thick bodied†(p70), goes out of the ranch and kills the dog. These moments in the ranch are of absolute silence, and nobody is able to break this silence. â€Å"Silence fell†(p75). Time seems to pass very slowly; every sound scares everyone, until we can finally hear a shot from outside. The poor old dog was killed, we knew he should die, but didn’t want it to happen. After this death, everything came back to normality in the ranch, or the men were at least talking to each other again. In these pages, Steinbeck uses different techniques to achieve tension and time passing slowly. Time passing slowly can be shown when he starts sentences with a conjunction. â€Å"And slim †¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p74). â€Å"And the silence †¦ †(p75). This creates a long pause between one sentence and the other, giving a sense of conclusion. Steinbeck uses time in a very special way to increase tension. The more slowly the time passes, the tension increases greatly, â€Å"A minute passed and another minute†(p75). The author is really emphasised in time, we can almost listen the tic-tac of the clock, which makes us feel nervous, not really about what is going to happen, but whatever it is; we want it to happen immediately. Steinbeck also uses a series of short sentences in page 75, just before the smelly dog is going to be killed. â€Å"It was silence outside. Carlson’s footsteps died away. The silence came into the room. And the silence lasted.†(p75) This short sentences makes the reader pause a lot, it suggests that something dramatic is about to happen. It makes everything be very tense, you could just cut the tension with a scissor. In pages 75 and 76 there is a lot of repetition of the word silence. Steinbeck uses this word seven times through the passage. He really wants us to know about the atmosphere in the room, in complete silence. George won’t even break himself the stillness by shuffling the cards, but everybody is grateful for things that break the silence. â€Å"A little gnawing sound †¦ all the man looked toward it gratefully.†(p75). This silence is personified by Steinbeck â€Å"The silence came into the room†(p75). It seems as if the silence is another character in the scene, invading the room, making everybody feel nervous. It really increases a lot the tension. Steinbeck seems to have divided the characters, Candy: the one being hurt, Carlson; acting as the antagonist, the rest of the man; just avoiding the situation, and Slim acting as a sort of judge. Candy is suffering and is very uncomfortable as we can see in these pages. He might even be desperate. â€Å"Candy looked from help from face to face†(p72). This shows Candy’s loneliness, he is alone while his dog is about to die. Carlson clearly is the antagonist; he is waiting anxiously to kill the dog, to shoot the back of his skull. He does not care about the bond between Candy and his dog; he doesn’t feel any emotion at all. This is seen through the following quotation â€Å"I’d put the gun right there†(p72). George, Whit and the other men are evading the situation. They dislike the dog too, but prefer to stay in absolute silence and play cards instead of helping his good old friend. Slim is acting as a sort of judge, because he is trying to please Carlson and at the same time convince Candy about the situation. It is night in this scene and very dark. â€Å"Darker’n hell in here†(p70). It shows that something bad is about to happen, and when it is about to happen, or when it gets near, the darker it gets. â€Å"Out into the darkness†(p75). The dark sky is invading everything, everyone. Death is near. They can fell it in this atmosphere, were nobody can see clearly. Steinbeck also uses a comparison; at the beginning he compares George and Lennie to Candy and his dog. They are live partners; one of them takes care of the other. They are both friends who love each other and would do everything for his partner. Until now, that Candy accepted to kill his dog believing it would be the best thing to do. He didn’t even say good-bye. This might tell us that George will do the same with Lennie, maybe make a new friend, who knows.
Friday, January 3, 2020
Collective Conscience, Collective Representation, and...
Collective Conscience, Collective Representations, and Social Currents: The events that the young Amish will be apart of during Rumspringa appear to be similar to what an English person, like you or I, is showed to during high school and college. The problem with Rumspringa is that the Amish are very unexposed to our sort of lifestyle their entire lives, that when they finally get to experience it for themselves, they tend to have over exposure. There are two categories of solidarity that we have discussed throughout class, one being mechanical, and the other organic. Mechanical Solidarity: A mechanical solidarity is created on similarity among individuals. The importance is placed on values and beliefs, similar backgrounds and†¦show more content†¦Durkheim also conceived that religion was necessary to any society. Religion was seen as real and observable according to Durkheim. Therefore, Amish society can be empirically studied as a group due to their practices being in relation to sacred objects and they are united as one church through ritual even within their everyday lives. The religious collective is an identifying distinctive of the traditional Amish society that acts as a dividing element from modern societies. Movie Examples: What Faron experienced during Rumspringa, is the product of seeing only one side of English life. The lifestyle that he was living was not that of a normal, conservative English lifestyle. He did not agree to enroll in an English high school or work a standard 9-5 English job. Morality: The way the Amish are raised, with such a huge influence that is put on family does not allow them to go into Rumspringa, stress free without influence from everyone. The influences could be good, because parents only want what is best for them, but the parents themselves fail to accept that the Amish church may not be ideal for their children. The freedom Amish teenagers experience during Rumspringa only increases their misperception since not all of what they participate in is accurate for success within English society. Movie Examples: For individuals like Gerald, it appears as if they can see the bigger picture of what a usual, English life looks
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